25 Czech Grammar, Język Czeski
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
Czech
by
Laura A. Janda
and
Charles E. Townsend
ii
iii
Table of Contents
0. Socio- and geolinguistic situation
.............................................................. 1
0.1 Location and number of speakers................................................................................... 1
0.2 Relation of Czech to other languages ............................................................................. 1
0.3 Dialectology ................................................................................................................... 1
0.4 Diglossia........................................................................................................................ 4
1. Phonology
................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Phonemes and alphabet .................................................................................................. 5
Alphabet........................................................................................................................ 5
Vowels..........................................................................................................................6
The liquids r and l......................................................................................................... 7
Consonants ................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Phonological rules..........................................................................................................8
Stress ............................................................................................................................ 8
Glottal stop....................................................................................................................9
Voicing phenomena ................................................................................................... 10
Consonant clusters ...................................................................................................... 10
Vowel epenthesis ........................................................................................................ 11
Phonology of Colloquial Czech .................................................................................. 11
2. Morphology
.......................................................................................................... 13
2.1 Inflectional morphology ............................................................................................... 13
2.1.0 Morphophonemic alternations in inflection ............................................................... 13
Vowel-zero alternations ............................................................................................. 13
Qualitative vowel alternations ..................................................................................... 13
Quantitative vowel alternations ................................................................................... 13
Type 1 (Ñhalf-softeningÒ) consonant alternations ........................................................ 14
Type 2 (Ñfull-softeningÒ) consonant alternations......................................................... 14
Isolated and suppletive types....................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 Noun morphology..................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1.1 Masculine paradigms ............................................................................................. 15
Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 15
Inanimate: rozbor ÓanalysisÔ ....................................................................................... 15
Animate: bratr ÓbrotherÔ ............................................................................................. 15
Animacy ..................................................................................................................... 16
Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 17
Inanimate: ko¢ ÓbasketÔ................................................................................................ 17
Animate: mal£ ÓpainterÔ.............................................................................................. 17
Stems alternating between hard and soft ..................................................................... 17
kotel ÓcauldronÔ ........................................................................................................... 17
Special types ............................................................................................................... 17
-a virile: p£ednosta Óchief, headÔ ................................................................................. 18
-e virile: zachrnce ÓsaviorÔ ........................................................................................ 18
2.1.1.2 Neuter paradigms................................................................................................... 18
Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 19
mªsto ÓcityÔ ................................................................................................................. 19
iv
Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 19
Special types ............................................................................................................... 19
-ªt-/-at- type: sl«nª Óbaby elephantÔ............................................................................. 19
- type: nb£e¡ ÓwaterfontÔ ......................................................................................... 20
2.1.1.3 Feminine paradigms ............................................................................................... 20
Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 20
¡ena ÓwomanÔ ............................................................................................................. 20
Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 21
r«¡e ÓroseÔ................................................................................................................... 21
Feminine nouns ending in a consonant ....................................................................... 21
Nsg in zero, -e/ª type: dla¯ Ópalm of handÔ ................................................................. 21
Nsg in zero, -i type: kost ÓboneÔ .................................................................................. 21
2.1.1.4 Nouns of variable or indeterminate gender............................................................. 22
2.1.2 Adjectival morphology.............................................................................................. 22
2.1.2.1 Long form adjectives.............................................................................................. 22
Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 23
druh³ Ósecond; otherÔ .................................................................................................. 23
Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 23
prvnÉÓfirstÔ.................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.2.2 Short form adjectives and possessive adjectives .................................................... 23
Short form adjectives .................................................................................................. 23
nemocn³ ÓillÔ ............................................................................................................... 23
Possessive adjectives .................................................................................................. 23
bratr«v ÓbrotherÔsÔ...................................................................................................... 24
2.1.2.3 Comparatives and superlatives ............................................................................... 24
Comparative adjectives................................................................................................ 24
Superlative adjectives .................................................................................................. 25
2.1.2.4 Deadjectival adverbs .............................................................................................. 25
Adverbs formed from adjectives ................................................................................. 25
Comparative adverbs................................................................................................... 25
Superlative adverbs ..................................................................................................... 26
2.1.3 Pronominal morphology ........................................................................................... 26
Personal, reflexive, and interrogative pronouns .......................................................... 26
First person................................................................................................................. 26
Second person............................................................................................................. 26
Third person................................................................................................................ 27
Reflexive pronoun....................................................................................................... 27
Interrogative pronouns: kdo ÓwhoÔ and co ÓwhatÔ ....................................................... 27
Possessive pronouns................................................................................................... 27
m«j ÓmyÔ (tv«jÉÓthy, yourÔ has the same endings) ....................................................... 28
n¢ ÓourÔ (v¢ ÓyourÔ has the same declension) .......................................................... 28
Demonstrative pronoun............................................................................................... 29
ten Óthis, that, theÔ........................................................................................................ 29
Relative and other pronouns........................................................................................ 29
sm ÓoneselfÔ .............................................................................................................. 29
vechen ÓallÔ .................................................................................................................. 29
2.1.4 Numeral morphology ................................................................................................ 30
Cardinal numerals ....................................................................................................... 31
jeden ÓoneÔ .................................................................................................................. 31
v
dva ÓtwoÔ..................................................................................................................... 31
t£i ÓthreeÔ and ©ty£i ÓfourÔ ............................................................................................ 31
Ordinal numerals......................................................................................................... 32
Indefinite numerals ..................................................................................................... 32
Other numerals ........................................................................................................... 32
2.1.5 Verbal morphology ................................................................................................... 33
2.1.5.1 Conjugation classes................................................................................................ 34
TYPE I - SUFFIXED with 1sg -m........................................................................... 35
TYPE II - SUFFIXED with 1sg -m .......................................................................... 35
TYPE III - SUFFIXED with 1sg -u/-i........................................................................ 35
TYPE III - NONSUFFIXED with 1sg -u/-i............................................................... 35
Irregular verbs: ........................................................................................................... 36
Imperative formation................................................................................................... 37
Gerunds and active participles..................................................................................... 37
2.1.5.2 Negation................................................................................................................. 37
2.1.5.3 Aspectual derivation............................................................................................... 38
Formation of perfectives ............................................................................................. 38
Formation of imperfectives ......................................................................................... 38
2.1.5.4 Motion verbs.......................................................................................................... 39
2.1.6 Uninflected parts of speech ....................................................................................... 40
2.2 Derivational morphology ............................................................................................. 42
2.2.1 Derivational morphology of nouns, adjectives, and verbs......................................... 43
2.2.1.1 Prefixes for nouns, adjectives, and verbs ............................................................... 43
2.2.1.2 Derivation of nouns ............................................................................................... 46
Derivation of nouns from nouns, adjectives, and verbs .............................................. 46
Suffixes and Endings for Masculine Nouns ............................................................... 47
Suffixes and Endings for Neuter Nouns ..................................................................... 49
Suffixes and Endings for Feminine Nouns ................................................................. 51
Derivation of nouns from adverbs, prepositional phrases, and numerals .................... 54
Derivation of nouns via compounding ........................................................................ 55
Derivation of diminutive and augmentative nouns ...................................................... 56
2.2.1.3 Derivation of adjectives.......................................................................................... 57
Derivation of diminutive, augmentative, and attenuative adjectives ............................. 58
Derivation of possessive adjectives............................................................................. 58
Derivation of compound adjectives ............................................................................. 58
2.2.1.4 Derivation of adverbs and pronouns ...................................................................... 58
2.2.1.5 Derivation of verbs ................................................................................................ 59
Verbs derived with the reflexives se and si ................................................................. 59
Factitives in -it............................................................................................................. 60
ÑBecomingÒ and ÑbeingÒ verbs in -at, -it, -ªt, -nout .................................................... 60
Diminutive verbs......................................................................................................... 61
Foreign borrowings and neologisms with -ovat ......................................................... 61
2.3 Morphology of Colloquial Czech................................................................................. 61
2.3.1 Inflection of nouns .................................................................................................... 61
2.3.2 Inflection of adjectives and adverbs .......................................................................... 62
druh
ej
Ósecond; otherÔ................................................................................................. 62
2.3.4 Inflection of pronouns............................................................................................... 63
2.3.5 Inflection of numerals ............................................................................................... 63
2.3.6 Inflection of verbs ..................................................................................................... 63
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl charloteee.keep.pl
Czech
by
Laura A. Janda
and
Charles E. Townsend
ii
iii
Table of Contents
0. Socio- and geolinguistic situation
.............................................................. 1
0.1 Location and number of speakers................................................................................... 1
0.2 Relation of Czech to other languages ............................................................................. 1
0.3 Dialectology ................................................................................................................... 1
0.4 Diglossia........................................................................................................................ 4
1. Phonology
................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Phonemes and alphabet .................................................................................................. 5
Alphabet........................................................................................................................ 5
Vowels..........................................................................................................................6
The liquids r and l......................................................................................................... 7
Consonants ................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Phonological rules..........................................................................................................8
Stress ............................................................................................................................ 8
Glottal stop....................................................................................................................9
Voicing phenomena ................................................................................................... 10
Consonant clusters ...................................................................................................... 10
Vowel epenthesis ........................................................................................................ 11
Phonology of Colloquial Czech .................................................................................. 11
2. Morphology
.......................................................................................................... 13
2.1 Inflectional morphology ............................................................................................... 13
2.1.0 Morphophonemic alternations in inflection ............................................................... 13
Vowel-zero alternations ............................................................................................. 13
Qualitative vowel alternations ..................................................................................... 13
Quantitative vowel alternations ................................................................................... 13
Type 1 (Ñhalf-softeningÒ) consonant alternations ........................................................ 14
Type 2 (Ñfull-softeningÒ) consonant alternations......................................................... 14
Isolated and suppletive types....................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 Noun morphology..................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1.1 Masculine paradigms ............................................................................................. 15
Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 15
Inanimate: rozbor ÓanalysisÔ ....................................................................................... 15
Animate: bratr ÓbrotherÔ ............................................................................................. 15
Animacy ..................................................................................................................... 16
Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 17
Inanimate: ko¢ ÓbasketÔ................................................................................................ 17
Animate: mal£ ÓpainterÔ.............................................................................................. 17
Stems alternating between hard and soft ..................................................................... 17
kotel ÓcauldronÔ ........................................................................................................... 17
Special types ............................................................................................................... 17
-a virile: p£ednosta Óchief, headÔ ................................................................................. 18
-e virile: zachrnce ÓsaviorÔ ........................................................................................ 18
2.1.1.2 Neuter paradigms................................................................................................... 18
Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 19
mªsto ÓcityÔ ................................................................................................................. 19
iv
Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 19
Special types ............................................................................................................... 19
-ªt-/-at- type: sl«nª Óbaby elephantÔ............................................................................. 19
- type: nb£e¡ ÓwaterfontÔ ......................................................................................... 20
2.1.1.3 Feminine paradigms ............................................................................................... 20
Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 20
¡ena ÓwomanÔ ............................................................................................................. 20
Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 21
r«¡e ÓroseÔ................................................................................................................... 21
Feminine nouns ending in a consonant ....................................................................... 21
Nsg in zero, -e/ª type: dla¯ Ópalm of handÔ ................................................................. 21
Nsg in zero, -i type: kost ÓboneÔ .................................................................................. 21
2.1.1.4 Nouns of variable or indeterminate gender............................................................. 22
2.1.2 Adjectival morphology.............................................................................................. 22
2.1.2.1 Long form adjectives.............................................................................................. 22
Hard stems.................................................................................................................. 23
druh³ Ósecond; otherÔ .................................................................................................. 23
Soft stems ................................................................................................................... 23
prvnÉÓfirstÔ.................................................................................................................. 23
2.1.2.2 Short form adjectives and possessive adjectives .................................................... 23
Short form adjectives .................................................................................................. 23
nemocn³ ÓillÔ ............................................................................................................... 23
Possessive adjectives .................................................................................................. 23
bratr«v ÓbrotherÔsÔ...................................................................................................... 24
2.1.2.3 Comparatives and superlatives ............................................................................... 24
Comparative adjectives................................................................................................ 24
Superlative adjectives .................................................................................................. 25
2.1.2.4 Deadjectival adverbs .............................................................................................. 25
Adverbs formed from adjectives ................................................................................. 25
Comparative adverbs................................................................................................... 25
Superlative adverbs ..................................................................................................... 26
2.1.3 Pronominal morphology ........................................................................................... 26
Personal, reflexive, and interrogative pronouns .......................................................... 26
First person................................................................................................................. 26
Second person............................................................................................................. 26
Third person................................................................................................................ 27
Reflexive pronoun....................................................................................................... 27
Interrogative pronouns: kdo ÓwhoÔ and co ÓwhatÔ ....................................................... 27
Possessive pronouns................................................................................................... 27
m«j ÓmyÔ (tv«jÉÓthy, yourÔ has the same endings) ....................................................... 28
n¢ ÓourÔ (v¢ ÓyourÔ has the same declension) .......................................................... 28
Demonstrative pronoun............................................................................................... 29
ten Óthis, that, theÔ........................................................................................................ 29
Relative and other pronouns........................................................................................ 29
sm ÓoneselfÔ .............................................................................................................. 29
vechen ÓallÔ .................................................................................................................. 29
2.1.4 Numeral morphology ................................................................................................ 30
Cardinal numerals ....................................................................................................... 31
jeden ÓoneÔ .................................................................................................................. 31
v
dva ÓtwoÔ..................................................................................................................... 31
t£i ÓthreeÔ and ©ty£i ÓfourÔ ............................................................................................ 31
Ordinal numerals......................................................................................................... 32
Indefinite numerals ..................................................................................................... 32
Other numerals ........................................................................................................... 32
2.1.5 Verbal morphology ................................................................................................... 33
2.1.5.1 Conjugation classes................................................................................................ 34
TYPE I - SUFFIXED with 1sg -m........................................................................... 35
TYPE II - SUFFIXED with 1sg -m .......................................................................... 35
TYPE III - SUFFIXED with 1sg -u/-i........................................................................ 35
TYPE III - NONSUFFIXED with 1sg -u/-i............................................................... 35
Irregular verbs: ........................................................................................................... 36
Imperative formation................................................................................................... 37
Gerunds and active participles..................................................................................... 37
2.1.5.2 Negation................................................................................................................. 37
2.1.5.3 Aspectual derivation............................................................................................... 38
Formation of perfectives ............................................................................................. 38
Formation of imperfectives ......................................................................................... 38
2.1.5.4 Motion verbs.......................................................................................................... 39
2.1.6 Uninflected parts of speech ....................................................................................... 40
2.2 Derivational morphology ............................................................................................. 42
2.2.1 Derivational morphology of nouns, adjectives, and verbs......................................... 43
2.2.1.1 Prefixes for nouns, adjectives, and verbs ............................................................... 43
2.2.1.2 Derivation of nouns ............................................................................................... 46
Derivation of nouns from nouns, adjectives, and verbs .............................................. 46
Suffixes and Endings for Masculine Nouns ............................................................... 47
Suffixes and Endings for Neuter Nouns ..................................................................... 49
Suffixes and Endings for Feminine Nouns ................................................................. 51
Derivation of nouns from adverbs, prepositional phrases, and numerals .................... 54
Derivation of nouns via compounding ........................................................................ 55
Derivation of diminutive and augmentative nouns ...................................................... 56
2.2.1.3 Derivation of adjectives.......................................................................................... 57
Derivation of diminutive, augmentative, and attenuative adjectives ............................. 58
Derivation of possessive adjectives............................................................................. 58
Derivation of compound adjectives ............................................................................. 58
2.2.1.4 Derivation of adverbs and pronouns ...................................................................... 58
2.2.1.5 Derivation of verbs ................................................................................................ 59
Verbs derived with the reflexives se and si ................................................................. 59
Factitives in -it............................................................................................................. 60
ÑBecomingÒ and ÑbeingÒ verbs in -at, -it, -ªt, -nout .................................................... 60
Diminutive verbs......................................................................................................... 61
Foreign borrowings and neologisms with -ovat ......................................................... 61
2.3 Morphology of Colloquial Czech................................................................................. 61
2.3.1 Inflection of nouns .................................................................................................... 61
2.3.2 Inflection of adjectives and adverbs .......................................................................... 62
druh
ej
Ósecond; otherÔ................................................................................................. 62
2.3.4 Inflection of pronouns............................................................................................... 63
2.3.5 Inflection of numerals ............................................................................................... 63
2.3.6 Inflection of verbs ..................................................................................................... 63
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]